Morning Glory

Morning glories are among the most problematic weeds in U.S. soybean fields. Not only are they hard to control, but one tall morning glory plant growing per foot of row can reduce soybean yield by 50 percent if left to compete all season.

Morning Glory Distribution and Biology

• Morning glories favor warmer climates and are typically found in the southern and central United States. They are capable of adapting to a wide range of environmental conditions and can establish in agronomic, horticultural and nursery crop settings.
• They germinate in early summer, favoring day temperatures near 85 degrees, and can produce from 5,000 to more than 15,000 seeds per plant, depending on the species.
• Morning glories’ first leaves are notched at the tips, forming two lobes that join at the base. These lobes can be fairly broad or pointed at the tip, depending on the species. The leaves are either heart-shaped or lobed and range from 2 to 5 inches in length and 1.5 to 4 inches in width. These vining plants have tendrils for climbing, and the flowers are funnel-shaped and typically blue, purple or white.

Herbicide Resistance in Morning Glory

Although there are no confirmed cases of herbicide resistance in morning glories, they can be difficult to control because of the following factors:

• Large seed size and a hard, impenetrable seed coat that can make pre-emergence herbicides less effective.
• Their ability to germinate late in the season after the crop has been established.
• Tolerance of glyphosate.

Management of Morning Glory in Soybeans

1. Consider cultural practices. Cultural practices, such as the ones listed below, can help make soybeans more competitive with morning glory and improve the consistency of any herbicide program.
   • Narrow row spacing. Morning glories tend to germinate after soybeans have established, therefore narrow row spacing can decrease the time required for the soybean canopy to form and reduce the availability of quality sunlight at the soil surface. Narrow row spacing has been shown to reduce the impact of morning glory on soybean yields by 19 percent compared with 30-inch-or-wider row spacing.
   • Other cultural control practices include using higher soybean seeding rates, implementing crop rotations and using tillage where appropriate.
2. Control existing weeds at planting. If emergence occurs prior to soybean planting, a pre-plant burndown herbicide treatment or tillage should be used. Do not plant into existing stands of morning glory.
   • The consistency of morning glory control is improved by adding 2,4-D ester at 16 fluid ounces/acre to either glyphosate, Gramoxone or Liberty in the burndown application.
   • Note: A minimum of seven days is required between 2,4-D ester application and soybean planting.
3. Apply an effective soil-applied, pre-emergence herbicide. Apply the full rate of a residual herbicide known to be effective on annual morning glories.
   • The group 2 and group 14 herbicides, such as Authority Maxx/XL, Canopy, Envive, FirstRate, Gangster and Valor, have been shown to provide the most consistent control of morning glories.
4. Make timely postemergence herbicide applications. Historically, glyphosate has not provided consistent control of morning glory in Roundup Ready soybeans, and the level of control provided by glyphosate is usually a function of the glyphosate rate and morning glory size at time of application. For this reason, single applications of glyphosate should be made to plants no more than 2 inches in height.
   • Tank-mixes of glyphosate with Classic (1/3 oz./A.), FirstRate (0.15-20 ozs./A.), Flexstar or other fomesafen-containing products; Cobra (12.5 ozs./A.); or Ultra Blazer (1.5 pt./A.) will improve the control of morning glory species compared with glyphosate alone.
   • Timely applications of Liberty in LibertyLink soybeans will also provide effective control of morning glories. Liberty should be applied in a minimum of 15 gallons of water per acre and in dense weed/crop canopies, this amount should be increased to ensure thorough spray coverage. Liberty should also be applied using nozzles and pressures that generate medium (250-350 micron) spray droplets. Do not use nozzles that produce coarse sprays.
5. Scout fields 10 to 14 days later for effectiveness. If morning glory escapes the initial control or emerge after the postemergence herbicide application, glyphosate can be applied a second time in Roundup Ready soybeans or Liberty can be applied a second time in LibertyLink soybeans. However, these are “rescue” treatments and will increase the selection pressure for the evolution of herbicide resistance.
   • Weeds not controlled with a second application of the same active ingredient should be tested for herbicide resistance.